The Extinction Of The Bison - 1836 Words

Imagine walking in your backyard and seeing a dangerous buffalo that is twice the size as a cow eating your grass. That would be terrifying to witness, but that scene would most likely not happen in today’s world because the bison were almost driven to extinction during the 19th and 20th century. The Indians needed buffalo for their primary food source, so they would hunt bison. Then, Euro-Americans came along and disrupted the system for the Indians. There is an argument for who is to blame for the near-extinction of the bison. Some believe the blame all falls on the Indians as they over-hunted. Others may feel that the blame goes on the Euro-Americans who impacted the system by getting involved with bison. Consequently, I believe†¦show more content†¦One would think that a lesson would be learned because â€Å"by the last quarter of the eighteenth century, as the plains nomads accumulated beaver pelts for trade with Europeans, they steadily exterminated the beaver† (Isenberg 50). The Indians would acquire horses, corn, and tobacco for trading the beaver skin, but they took out an area full of beavers. This situation was similar to the shrinking bison population and it was a sign of what could come if they continued to over-hunt and trade with the Euro-Americans. Vulnerability took over the Indians as they continued to trade with the Euro-Americans. The trade consisted of bison or bison parts in exchange for weapons and alcohol. Over-hunting took place because of this trading between the two. The Indians became greedy to hunt, so they needed better weapons and this showed as the bison population was shrinking. Another basic need was alcohol and it took over as a popular trade and once consumed, it did not burden the nomads (Isenberg 104). A gallon of alcohol would sell for five prime bison robes and this showed how much the Indians valued alcohol. Whiskey was needed and it was included in the trade for bison products. Th erefore, hunting for bison became much more important because the Indians would get a reward from supplying bison parts. This looks bad on the Indians as their motives for killing off bison was their need forShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Endangered Species1128 Words   |  5 Pagesto move and fast. Extinction of these species can be prevented and our future generations can enjoy this wonderful planet as it once was. The National Wildlife† history goes back 12 years and consists of problems dealing with endangered species of plant and animals. Polluting our environment, developing new cities, and taking habits away causes species to become endangered because of the drastic change. The human race is putting countless species in danger of extinction. Throughout thoseRead MoreThe Elk Island National Park1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthe home to thousands of endangered species such as bisons, moose, elk, whitetail and mule deer, beaver, porcupine, Canadian lynx and other small animals. The park is administered by the Parks Canada Agency. The national park is located 35km east of Edmonton, Alberta by Yellowhead Highway 16. Elk Island National Park contains the ecosystem and is home to the largest population of hoofed mammals in Canada among with many other species. Wood bison were once widespread through Northern Canada and AlaskaRead More Protection Of Endangered Species Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesSituation). For this reason endangered species deserve more protection than the current regulations provide. Throughout history there have been many different reasons for the extinction of species. The earliest known reason was 64-66 million years ago when scientists believe a meteorite struck earth causing the extinction of the dinosaur and of 85% of the species existing at the time (Sherry, 2). Another major problem is the introduction of species into a new environment. Most introduced speciesRead MoreSummary Of The Episode 1 : Ordering The Land900 Words   |  4 Pagessignificantly reduced the number of bison, and lead to extinction. In other words, with less bison, they hunted less and in turn, caused smaller animals to grow, and then there was less underbrush in the forest. Henceforth, when they removed large quantities of animals, it affected everything in the ecosystem. As the ecosystem is affected not only by the animal system but also the physical land. All in all, these settlers were not only makes the bison nearly extinction, but it also affected the forestRead MoreHuman Involve ment And Human Intervention1225 Words   |  5 Pageslead to the extinction of species, through poaching or the killing of a certain species. This may also occur when individuals cut down trees and destroy ecosystems. However, occasionally, human involvement can greatly benefit a certain species of animal or plant. Human intervention can lead to the growth of a certain species and allow them to thrive and reproduce in their ecosystem, causing the growth of a particular species. The Bison of America’s Prairies More than 200 million bison used to roamRead MoreSummary and Critique1611 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿First Assignment - Summary and Critique Paul S. Martin, Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America, University of California Press, 2005, Prologue and Chapter 2 Summary The overkill hypothesis stresses the fact that people were the main technicians behind the late pleistocene extinction of fauna in Northern Eurasia and North and South America. Paul Martin of the University of Arizona and others see a subsequent and spontaneous connection between the presenceRead MoreAmeric The Columbian Exchange1180 Words   |  5 Pagesthe tribes food supplies. Instead, of settling down and having land to plant crops, now, many of the tribes opted to hunt bison and follow a more nomadic lifestyle. As a result, the bison population in the great plains area was almost driven to extinction by the American Indians. Another good point the authors of America: A Narrative History make is, â€Å"horses competed with the bison for food, often depleting the prairie grass and compacting the soil in the river valley during the winter† (Tindall ShiRead MoreIs Nurturing Nature Necessary Or Does It Have Negative Consequences?1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Audubon gui de series), died. There are and never will be any more. As a species, the Passenger Pigeon was hunted to extinction because they were noisy, messy, and disruptive. They would fly in huge (like blocking-out-the-sun type of huge) flocks, and one could imagine the towns that were flown over. In Charles Roth’s book, Then There Were None, he details how the extinction of an entire species was possible: the trees and forests (the bird’s natural habitat) were destroyed at nesting sites, whichRead MoreDeforestation And Deforestation Of Deforestation973 Words   |  4 Pagesworth the price paid and two ways to fix it is to push the government to support organizations that push for anti-deforestation and reforestation. = The loss of forest cover is a contributing factor to many environmental problems, including species extinction (Unraveling the Economics of Deforestation). Rainforests are home to countless species of animals, many of which are endangered. While in the United States there are laws like the Endangered Species Act. Trees are still being torn down in enormousRead MoreHunting Is Not Only Sustainable1464 Words   |  6 Pageshad a negative effect on the environment was the near extinction of the North American Bison in the 1800s. During this time, there was a high demand for bison hides (Isenberg 130) so â€Å"hunters pushed the species to the brink of extinction† (2) in order to meet the demands of growing industries. Although there were other factors involved such as â€Å"the harsh grassland environment itself† (2), overhunting played a significant role in the near extinction of buffalo in North America. This and other examples

Organizational Biology And The Information Management

Within Synaptic’s organization, there is a distinct disconnect between the Computational Biology and the Information Management (IM) groups. There is a visible lack of knowledge and information sharing between the two. Drastic measures must take place so they can learn to work together to bridge the gap that is between them. Project governance is desperately needed by both the Computational Biology and IM groups as well as the overall organization. Problem Definition: Cultural Challenges Differences in culture between the scientists and IM is the root cause for disconnect between the two groups. The scientist’s preference is to work alone. They do not see the value of working in a group sharing ideas, successes or failures and think it is a waste of time (Makarov, 2012, p. 1). The IM department is the polar opposite; they need, and rely on, team interaction and make most of their decisions when discussing topics in team meetings. While the scientists â€Å"value innovation, originality and speed†, IM are most concerned with â€Å"stability, business continuity, documentation and long-term planning† (Makarov, 2012, p. 1). With such differences in priority and personalities, it’s no wonder frustration levels are so high. The scientists think that IM works at too slow of a development pace and blame that on all the documentation and governance that is practiced. They believe it to be bureaucratic and a complete waste of time. The fact that th ey are also using technology that is not asShow MoreRelatedsystem theory1652 Words   |  7 Pagestime, made of matter and energy and organized by information. The relationships among things or units in these systems are measurable. History of System Theory: General systems theory has been attributed to the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Freidrich Hegel (1770-1831). 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The two main departments that are of issue are the Information Management (IM) and the Computational Biology department. There are no clear define roles and responsibilities of the Synaptic staff and there is a lack of leadership and organizational culture. Additionally, it is unsure exactly what Synapic’s organizational goals and objectives are. This paper will provide a situation analysis of Synaptic’s organizational problems and will also present recommendations on how to deal withRead MoreWestern International University Is A Small, For Profit College Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pagescollege offers over 160 specialized associate’s, bachelor’s and master s degrees. Western International University maintains a continuous curriculum system that allows incoming students to choose from 16 basic majors like business, accounting, management, psychology and computer science. 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Page 4 Elements in Business System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 5 The 7-S Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Read MoreJohnson University : A Private Higher Learning Institution Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagescounselors always offer helpful information on government aid, federal loans and private loans to ensure that students are provided with available financial resources. Johnson University’s Christian values of hard work and diligence are demonstrated through their 30 on-campus work-study job programs. This provides money for tuition, valuable on-the-job training and mentoring from experienced Christian leaders. 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The behavior hasRead MoreSynaptic Corporation : A Case Study Of Risk1455 Words   |  6 Pages(Makarov, n.d., p. 2). The project failed in part due to the lack of project management, control, and risk practices to address the adverse impacts. Likewise, Synaptic Corporation neglected to utilize its internal Information Management (IM) resources to address and resolve internal software development needs for the scientists in the Computational Biology group (Makarov, n.d., p. 3). The scientists in the Computation Biology group, frustrated with the level support received from the IM group, contacted

Modest Proposal for Solving the United States Economy free essay sample

The United States of America, what more can be said about it? A prosperous country, a country of integrity and honesty, well at least it was before the government started spying on all of us, but it’s okay because it’s the government. Lots of people around the world want to live the American Dream that we are living. You can own a house, make a salary, practice free religion, shoot deer, burn down a forest and work as an informant for the FBI and be able to murder people for several decades. People in places like Toga and Bolivia would kill to have our lives, yet we complain about something pointless like the line at McDonalds or how their boyfriend doesn’t love them. There is a slight problem however. At one point the U.S. was one of the few successful countries around the world. Now countries like China, India, France, Japan, and Canada have grew very rapidly when it comes to their economy. Even though the U.S. still has an advantage as being the true superpower, if economic problems still arise in the country, we might actually lose our grip on being the most successful. How successful are these other countries becoming? The United States per capita income or the average income per person is about fifty thousand dollars which is seventh around the world. The highest ranked country is Qatar, which is about one hundred thousand dollars per person. Granted the population of Qatar doesn’t even come close to the U.S. 315 million, but being able to make over a hundred thousand dollars a year would be dream come true for most people in America. Believe it or not America is not successful as you think it is. For a country to be successful, factors like unemployment and homeless rate should not be an issue. America has an unemployment rate of about 7.3 percent. It has been down from a high 10 percent during Bush and Dick’s administration, but it’s still no t too impressive. Approximately three million people become homeless each year due to the main reason of America’s high living cost and low income lifestyle. Nearly eight percent of America’s working class without jobs and several million people living on the streets does not sound like a country of prosperity to me. Also take into account the amount of kids that dropout of school. The high school dropout rate is about three million students each year. These young people are ineligible for about 90 percent of all U.S. jobs. A good percentage of these young adults either end up homeless, in prison, or dead, so it’s important to fix the economy and get people high paying jobs because it is next to impossible to convince kids to stay in school. The debt our government has to deal with is tremendously overwhelming, about 17 trillion dollars. We all know our government cannot afford to pay any of this back. To solve our economic problem I have a proposal. It’s fairly simple and straightforward. My proposal is to cut the population by having our citizens by kill off one another; Congress has never thought of this idea. In today’s society, the media and pop culture dominates our television sets whether its Kim Kardashian’s fashion, Miley Cyrus’s sexual insecurities, or when the Next Charlie Sheen breakdown is going to happen. If this is the case, why not use it to create a solution? In the past few years, there has been a new movie franchise, The Hunger Games series. The setting of the book-based films follows a bunch of teenagers competing in battles to the death. People always copy what they see in the media; just ask the several young boys who were inspired by Mortal Kombat. If young people can look to movies and video games for inspiration, then the government should be able to also. With this being said, we will solve our problems by a means of having battles to the death. By having Americans kill each other there will obviously be less people, which means less competition for jobs, which means people without jobs can get jobs; people with jobs means people with more money, people with more money means people will be buying more things, people buying more things will stimulate the economy which will allow our country to experience an economic growth. Now this might not make sense so let’s break it down further. When someone gets killed off, the job they have will be available to someone who has the skills necessary to succeed in that job but struggled to find a job in that field or was recently laid off. With one person dead and one person without a job getting his job will mean one less person on the unemployment rate. If that happens with everyone who currently has a job and everyone who doesn’t, unemployment will decrease. A problem that might arise is that too many jobs are being open and cannot be filled quickly enough to the amount of the departed. To address this letâ₠¬â„¢s ask ourselves a question: does Tom Cruise really need to act in movies anymore? Can’t he help put together boxes in a factory or shovel s*** out of a horse’s stall? How about sports teams? We don’t need 400 players in the NBA or a thousand players in the NFL. These people are overpaid, and there is only a few teams in each sport worth watching anyways, so let’s decrease the roster size to about six teams per major sport, and the rest can actually contribute something to society rather than their B-level sports skills. By cutting the population, you’re not only solving a national issue but a world issue will as well. America is in the top five of energy consumption around the world. If half country ceases to exist, then the problems with global warming and other environmental problems will not be fixed entirely but enough to not have to worry much about it. If there is less people in America using energy, the government focus on developing nuclear power and other sources of energy is not as high as it is today which means, more money for the goddamn government. Now this idea sounds very inhumane and savage-like, but we’re human beings; we have to be murderous, aggressive, and angry; it’s in our DNA. Some rich bastard in a suit will probably argue that the government will never sanction the killings of innocent people. The government will do anything to benefit themselves whether a person wants to believe it or not. Don’t believe me just ask Bobby Kennedy about his broth er’s murder. Oh, wait a minute, he’s dead too. How ironic? The brother of the president, which six in ten Americans believe was a conspiracy, was murdered the year he was running for president. Richard Nixon ended up winning the election that year. That is quite strange; we all knew what happened with him; Mr. Dick â€Å"Paranoid† Nixon quit his job before he could get fired for spying on the Democrats, OMG, so I don’t think that the government will have an issue with having people kill each other because they will benefit from it in the long run. Also technically the government isn’t directly killing its people, so it should be fine right? Our democratic, power by the people nation is slowly evolving into government run by the rich and powerful few, so we might as well get our dictatorship in now before the government surprises us in the future. If President Obama and Congress do decide to sign off on this execution bill, then how should it be done? This is what I think, have it be something like the Olympics, occurs every four years. It will be broadcasted on live television on primetime networks like NBC, ABC, and MTV. The death matches will consist of 20 million participants. Each of these 20 million will receive a golden ticket in the mail with the date and location of the battles. Failure to participate in these matches will result in lifetime incarceration in a newly developed labor camp located in Boise or death. The locations of the battles will correspond with the four regions of the United States, the West, the South, the Midwest and the Northeast. States in the Northeast will participate in our nation’s capital, Washington D.C. Michelle and Barrack will get front row seats. Having dinner in the oval office, looking out the window at people slaughtering each other, how much more romantic can you get? Up in the Midwest, people of that region will be fighting in Chicago, Illinois. A prestigious city with a high crime rate; might as well add more crime to the city. What better place to have out West than in Las Vegas. The City of Sin, people can fight from the Vegas Strip all the way out into the desert. To ensure more entertainment, Vegas showgirls will act as cheerleaders. Last but not least, the Southern blood sports will be held in none other than Greenbrier, Arkansas! Each of these regions will consist of five million people, 20 million people across the nation every four years. There will be one survivor from each region; these men will continue on to the Final Four. This final battle will be held in Times Square in New York City on live pay-per-view. The battles will end when 19,999,999 people are dead and there is only one survivor. In eight years there will be 40 million casualties; in 16 years there will 80 million. That is over a quarter of the country. When the United States gets to a reasonable population, below 30 million, then the government will sign off on the bill to suspend the games. The unemployment rate will definitely be next to zero percent. A problem that might happen is that five million people in one city plus all of its residents. These people will be temporarily moved to somewhere in Wisconsin or the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the duration of the war games. To help the homeless out, they will be paid to help pile up all of the corpses and spray down and clean up all of the blood on the ground. Like any other deceased person, family will be called in to identify the body and will decide on whether to bury or cremate them. Now how do we select 20 million people of our nation’s population? There will be certain criteria and other factors that will determine a person’s eligibility. To prevent any backlash from child abuse agencies, only people from ages 18 and over will be selected. Any persons over the age of 18 who is physically, mentally, or unable to work will not participate in these battles; any old people who are retired or no longer looking for work will not participate because they’re not fighting for any jobs; there’s no point to killing innocent people. Also to prevent any feminists from protesting this bill, women will not be participating. Besides, men are the sole reason this world sucks and the reason our country is in this mess, so we deserve to get what’s coming to us. Out of respect for the brave people in our armed forces, any current or retired military personnel will not participate in any battles, but rather they will provide security just in case things get out of hand. Any man who is at the top of the ladder of big businesses and large corporations will not participate because they are already in cahoots with the federal government and will not allow the bill to be passed if they knew their lives were at stake. Instead these presidents and CEOs will sponsor the battles. They will provide weapons, automobiles, first aid kits, and food and drinks. In the end, less people working for big businesses mean the bosses will make more money for themselves. As for myself I will not be participating for the reason that I proposed the idea of these war games. Also killing is against my personal beliefs so I definitely should not be forced to be involved. Men who are eligible will have their names put into a system and the machine will automatically and randomly pick names. Any male not fitting the criteria above will be eligible. As said, failure to compete when one is required will result in imprisonment or death in a number of diffe rent ways: firing squad, burning at the stake, bleeding to death due to slow castration, beaten up by a gorilla or a miniature explosive device shoved up the man’s rectum or planting it inside his scrotum. Any man who has had a history of crime will have a more likelihood of being drafted; any convicted murderers, rapists, child molesters, and terrorists will be have to participate in every single battle for the rest of their lives. People who have any religious views will not be pardoned if they are selected. The question these people need to ask is, â€Å"Would God want me to protect myself?† The answer is â€Å"yes† because technically these games can be mainly about self -defense believe it or not. A man doesn’t need to go up to another man and kill him; he just needs to let people come to him and defend himself. It is quite simple; the only true murderer is whoever draws first blood. There will be rules during these death matches to ensure no cheaters. Rule number one is no firearms or explosives. The battles will be fought like our ancient ancestors, melee weapons only. Every melee weapon is fair game: knives, swords, chainsaws, shovels, crowbars and fruit. Fruit can be a deadly and vicious weapon if a person thinks about it. You know how hard an apple or a melon is? If you had a bunch of apples, you can seriously beat a guy to death. Rule number two is that each person is allowed six timeouts throughout the whole game. If a person needs to take time to catch his breath, sharpen his knife or take a leak, he will be allowed 10 seconds to do so without any harassment. Each person will get some sort of device on their ankle that they will press the button for to call a timeout. The device will record how many seconds you have remaining on your timeout, how many timeouts were taken and how many are remaining. A person going over the limit will result in the bracele t exploding instantaneously. Rule number three is no cheap shots. Any shot below the belt will result in an automatic disqualification and execution. The last rule of the game is no mercy. A man is fighting for his life; he can’t let his conscious get the best of him. If a man is seen having the opportunity to kill someone but refuses, he will instantly be shot by a sniper, no questions asked. To develop some sort of tradition, these games will be formatted exactly like the Olympics. On the first day of the games, there will be an opening ceremony held in Times Square. The performance will be connected to TVs all over the country. America the Beautiful will be sung by Jimmy Buffett, and Michael McDonald and Prince will sing a duet of our national anthem. Actor Christopher Walken will carry a lit torch from Madison Square Garden to the center of Times Square. The passing and lighting of the torch will signify the start of the games. Once the torch is passed, Anthony Weiner will press a button that will simultaneously ring a bell for each of the four regions to declare the start, and the killings will begin from then. Like the Olympics medals will be given to those who come in third, second, and first. The bronze and silver medals will be placed upon the lifeless bodies of third and second place winners. The sole survivor will receive the prestigious gold medal, and will be handed a bouquet of flowers from former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Lionel Richie will sing a song in honor of the man’s victory. After the celebration ceremony, the games will be held off for another four years where the victor will defend his title of being the last man alive. Until then life will resume as it was before. Imagine the aftermath of the battles. Decomposing organisms are everywhere, dead bodies and blood all over the ground. Cities will smell like John Wayne Gacy’s house, and millions of people will be crying. Sounds very sad but look on the bright side millions of jobs are open; people who have been without jobs will be able to work, and people who still have a job will continue to work. Unemployment, homeless, and crime rate will be dramatically low. There are no more environmentalist freaks complaining about recycling and wasting resources because there will be bunch of dead people. Everything will be better once half the population is gone; people don’t have to worry about their children’s future because they’ll have a higher paying jobs; no one cares about global warming, just like no one does now. A person has no idea the impact these war games will have on not only our country but our world as whole. Who knows, maybe these games will become popular aro und China, and some other countries want to participate and make it a world-wide event. Imagine that, hundreds of millions of people killing each other every four years. Boy this world would be so much better wouldn’t it? One might think that this violence won’t solve anything and will make our planet even worse but ask this question: would you kill a man to save a babyExactly.

Strategic planning analysis the New Orleans Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department

Introduction Strategic planning is a management tool that serves various purposes in organizations. It provides a framework for developing appropriate courses of action in organizations after an analysis of current organizational operations and outcomes. Strategic planning also helps organizations adapt to changes in the face of complexities and diversification of factors.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Strategic planning analysis: the New Orleans Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to determine the suitability of plans to their purpose, an analysis of the plans is necessary in case the plans need modification or require the organization to abandon them and rethink its position. Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer (1993) provide a detailed explanation of nine necessary aspects for the creation of an effective strategic plan for an organization. These as pects include planning to plan, values scan, mission formulation, strategic modeling of business, performance audit, gap analysis, integrating action plans, contingency planning, and implementation (Goodstein, Nolan Pfeiffer, 1993). This paper looks at two organizations, viz. the New Orleans Fire Department (NOFD) and the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) in relation to their strategic planning dynamics concerning emergency preparedness and disaster response within the larger U.S. government as an organization in itself. In the case of the FDNY, the paper analyzes details of the New York City’s governance, its effects on the fire department coupled with how these aspects, in turn, affect the station’s strategic planning for emergency response by using Hurricane Sandy as a case study. For the New Orleans case study, the paper analyzes the NOFD’s involvement during and after Hurricane Katrina, changes in the fire department’s strategic plans, and effect of New Orleans’ government strategic plans on the department’s plans. It also provides a comparison between the two departments by indicating similarities, differences, and lessons available for each of them from the other. Disaster management Disaster management forms part of the core functions of most disaster-response units in most countries, including fire departments. The uncertainty and the unexpectedness of disaster make disaster management techniques an incredibly difficult subject, as they mostly strike when least expected (Abbott, 2005). Disasters expose people to both primary and secondary effects.Advertising Looking for term paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Varghese (2002) notes that natural disasters have â€Å"immediate impacts on human health, as well as secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from floods causing landslides, earthquakes resulting in fi res, tsunamis causing widespread flooding, and typhoons sinking ferries† (p.102). Responding appropriately to disasters require embracement of concepts such as disaster preparedness, disaster recovery, disaster relief, and disaster prevention. Disaster preparedness entails all activities designed to ensure that damages and losses of life reduce should a disaster strike (Smith, 2006, p.13). These activities include â€Å"removing people and property from a threatened location and facilitating timely and effective rescue, relief, and rehabilitations† (Hansen Schramm, 1993, p.56). Disaster relief refers to multi-agency coordinated responses to enhance the mitigation of the effects of disasters coupled with their results in the long term. Some of the relief activities the agencies conducted in the event of a disaster include repairing the vital utility lines that the disaster destroyed, foods provision to the affected, and relocation of people (evacuation) in the effort to escape the ramifications of disasters. Others include provision of health care, provision of temporary shelter until the disaster is passed on, and rescue of the affected people among other activities. Disaster recovery efforts, on the other hand, encompass activities such as rehabilitation and reconstruction of the destroyed infrastructures. Once disasters strike, measures for protection from exposure to similar disasters in the future is necessary for all affected people, which calls for the development of strategies for disaster prevention. These strategies include â€Å"activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters† (Nicholson, 2003, p.67). Considering the concerns of disasters management, disaster management organizations should execute their roles to restore normalcy amongst people. New York City overview In order to understand the significance of FDNY’s strategic plans, it is important to explore some facts on the city of New York that impa ct on the government and fire department’s strategic planning process and possible outcomes. The city lies on one of the world’s largest natural harbors and is home to the United Nations headquarters.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Strategic planning analysis: the New Orleans Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The city’s architecture comprises some of the most famous buildings in the world, including the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty. As at 2012, the city’s population was 8.4 million over an area of seven hundred and eighty-three square kilometers. Additionally, the metropolitan area population is approximately 19.8 million. An interesting fact is that more than fifty percent of the city’s dwellers do not own personal transportation as the same would be counterproductive, given t he city’s population. New York’s government structure has remained the same since 1898. Although the government has made a few changes concerning some rules of governance such as direct management of the city’s budget by the mayor, the composition has remained the same. The city’s government is central and comprises a mayor and a governor, who both form part of a fifty-one member council in charge of the city’s policymaking. In order to cater for the population’s needs, the council has enacted policies that support public transportation through the introduction of the New York subway system, one of the most intricate rapid transit systems in the world. It provides for the city’s transport needs while easing traffic on city roads. It is also cheaper for most of the residents in terms of income expenditure. The establishment of law enforcement, healthcare and first responder service centers in the city has also eased the pressure on the residents in the metropolitan area. The New York Fire Department (FDNY) The New York Fire department is one of the many basic service delivery institutions that the government established to ensure efficiency in dealing with the residents’ needs as part of its strategic planning process. Although the city has one fire department, the department has various stations throughout the city for effective service delivery. Its organizational structure consists of a central department with divisions according to function, which responds simultaneously as a unit. FDNY has 10,725 uniformed firefighters, over 2,000 paramedics, more than 100 fire marshals and approximately 200 fire inspectors.Advertising Looking for term paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the city’s population is large, having a single department centralizes operations and makes it easier to coordinate operations throughout the entire city according to need and availability. The FDNY offers first responder services for fires, public safety and medical emergencies and disasters, both natural and fabricated. For instance, the department played a key role during the September 9, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, in conjunction with other departments such as the New York Police Department and the National Guard. One of its core duties is to ensure the protection of lives and property of New York residents and visitors and advance public safety. It achieves these goals through public safety education programs, investigations on possible fire hazards, installation of preventive measures such as fire alarms, responding to distress calls and providing aid during the recovery process after disasters (The New York Fire Department, 2013). In ensuring that the department accomplishes its goals and objectives, mainly in relation to disaster preparedness and response, the FDNY formulates and implements various strategic plans, one of which is the centralization of the department’s operations. Other plans include continuous firefighter training, contingency plan formulation in the face of disasters, civilian education, coordination with other government agencies and setting up recovery programs for victims and department personnel. Continuous training of fire fighters enhances endurance and adaptability to new environments and techniques, a property that makes up numbers. Although the department does not have enough fire fighters in relation to the city’s population, proper training ensures that they are able to deal with emergencies appropriately. Central administration also plays a crucial role as it enables the department evaluates situations and determines priority in dealing with emergencies. It also ensures that commu nication links remain intact, increasing efficiency during disaster response. Coordination with other state departments provides the fire department with enough workforces in instances of proportionate disaster response. An example of these strategies in application is evident in the department’s response to Hurricane Sandy, one of the most devastating natural disasters to hit the city. Although the hurricane hit a number of states along the Gulf Coast, New York and New Jersey experienced most of its wrath. The presence of inland rivers and large coastline made the city susceptible to flooding. Shortly past midday on October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy hit New York’s coastline with a storm surge consisting mostly of ghastly wings with significant precipitation. The storm surge caused flooding of the New York subway system, most of the streets, almost all road tunnels going into Manhattan and severe destruction of property. At least forty people lost their lives during th e storm, with thousands of others losing their homes and businesses. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) suspended trading for two consecutive days and most Hospitals in the city closed down. Heavy winds disrupted electricity supply as trees and debris from buildings fell on power lines. The damage on electricity lines and gas leaks also resulted in fires that destroyed millions of dollars worth of property. In Breezy Point, Queens, over ninety homes went up in flames leaving families stranded. On October 28, 2012, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for the entire state of New York, including a pre-disaster declaration that came into effect after hurricane Katrina, as a measure to mobilize federal finding to deal with Sandy’s aftermath. The FDNY disaster preparedness procedure coupled with central administration, provided firefighters with pertinent information, enabling the department evacuate thousands of residents, especially in areas near the coas tline and those with low altitudes such as lower Manhattan, much of Staten Island, City Island and areas north of Route 25A, to higher altitude areas. By the evening of October 28, most of the railways and bus services had suspended their operations and bridges had closed until October 30. The fire department’s main obligation arose after the disaster on October 30, as firefighters had to put out more than fifty fires in areas all over the city, most of which arose at Breezy Point. The department also helped clear debris blocking roads and remove trees and other obstructions from electricity lines. The presence of a paramedics unit also made it possible for the department to cater to medical emergencies including recovery of people from the rubble and transportation of the injured to hospitals all over the city, supplementing efforts by Homeland Security. The government set up support centers around the city including areas of Coney Island, Rockaway and Staten Island to help displaced people access food, water, gas and mobile phone connections. The fire department helped deliver the supplies to areas where victims needed them most and attended to simple medical procedures at the centers. The department was also helpful in collecting data on the number of injured people and populations at the support centers, enabling the government to respond appropriately. An analysis based on these facts proves that the department’s strategic plans were sufficient in addressing disaster preparedness and response, with fluid execution leading to the desirable outcome in terms of the department’s primary objective to safeguard life, health and property. The plans present efficiency with regard to service to the population, even with the low number of firefighters available at the department. As part of the recovery process, the department set up the Fire Safety Program in November after the disaster, with the aim reducing vulnerability of the elderly to di sasters, because most of the people who died during the disaster and in fires after the disaster were above seventy years. This age bracket formed more than forty percent of deaths from fire during and after the disaster. The program’s funding came from the Department of Homeland Security. New Orleans Fire Department (NOFD) The New Orleans provides a comparison to the FDNY in terms of strategic planning for disaster preparedness and response. Unlike the FDNY, the NOFD’s strategic plans comply with policies that go further back in history, creating a problem in terms of adaptation to population changes and the environment. Although New Orleans is a much smaller city then New York, the ratio of firefighters in the department to the existing population is much lower than that in New York, making it difficult for the department to accomplish its goals and objectives. Although the department’s choice to enroll and train volunteer firefighters as a strategy to increas e the department’s workforce works, lack of creativity and adaptability in strategic planning creates problems for the department, limiting its ability to serve the people effectively. A.A. look at some facts about the department and its effectiveness during and after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 proves the department’s inefficiency in strategic planning and implementation in disaster response and recovery. Contrast with the New York Fire Department further enhances the planning problems and the need for drastic improvements. The New Orleans fire department’s history runs back to 1829, when a group of people came together with the aim of fighting fires within the city. This group referred itself as the Firefighters’ Charitable Associations (FCA). The group engaged in voluntary fire fighting activities and the title of the group existed until 1891. After 62 years of existence, the FCA changed to the New Orleans Fire Department, abbreviated as NOFD, following the introduction of paid service. The main reason for the existence of the New Orleans Fire Department is to ensure ardent provision of fire fighting and protection services within New Orleans. Ryan (2006) approximates that NOFD serves â€Å"approximately 340,000 people in a 350.2-square-mile (907 km2) area, 180.6 square miles (468 km2) of that is on land while the rest is water† (p.23). Just like the NYFD, the NOFD’s administration is central, providing ease in communication and operational processes throughout the organization. The New Orleans Fire Department’s organizational structure comprises three levels, which include the special operations and planning, fire suppression, and fire administration. The assistant superintendent acts as the commander of the fire suppression. It is the largest division of the NOFD. The central priorities of the fire suppression departmental division include ensuring life safety and stabilization of various emergencies related to fires coupled with preservation of property. According to the City of New Orleans Fire Department, â€Å"fire suppression members regularly participate in daily inspections, fire safety educational programs, and numerous other fire-related duties† (2006, p.18). For effective communication in emergency response processes, administration is important for an emergency response organization. The fire administration departmental division of the NOFD is responsible for executing communication tasks. Under the leadership of the deputy chief, the fire administration also commands investigation on fires and fire prevention coupled with ensuring that training in subdivisions takes place. The division is also responsible for ensuring timely coordination for the responses for all situations involving non-emergency responses. Other coordination activities of the division include functions such as payrolls preparation, processing of data ensuring timely supplies, budgeting, and administ ration of personnel, among other tasks. In the effort to enhance disaster preparedness of the organization, the administration departmental division of the NOFD engages in tasks such as coordination of fire equipment and vehicles purchases coupled with repairs. Special operation and planning divisions of the NOFD are under the command of the special and operations deputy chief. The division plans various anticipated future operations and activities of the New Orleans Fire Department. The deputy chief is in charge of training within the departmental division. Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest cyclone that hit the region in 2005 during hurricane season. Katrina hit New Orleans on August 28, 2005, leaving unfathomed destruction and loss of lives in the city. Although the U.S. government had warned of the hurricane’s possible impact on the city, a large proportion of the population was unable to leave the city. Some of the reasons people gave included their belief that their ho uses could withstand the hurricane’s impact as they had in previous storms, fear of leaving property behind, and lack of personal transportation with which to leave the city. Although ninety percent of the city’s inhabitants complied with the mandatory evacuation, the government had to intervene and provide last-resort shelter for residents still stranded in the city as the hurricane approached. The Superdome in the center of the city is one of the emergency centers that got the media’s attention owing to the fact that it housed more than twenty thousand people for several days. The most notable impact of the hurricane was extensive flooding throughout the city owing to poor infrastructural planning and slow completion of levees in a city with a high percentage of water as part of its overall area. More than 1,400 people lost their lives and property worth billions of dollars was lost to floodwater and fires. In addition, oil and other industrial chemicals turne d floodwater toxic, causing diseases. Unlike New York, the city government lacked the capacity to cater for needs such as food, clean drinking water and medical assistance, causing unrest. Most of the police officers that form part of the New Orleans police department abandoned their posts, some taking government-issued police vehicle and fleeing the city to avoid the aftermath. The combination of these occurrences made it nearly impossible for the fire department to deal with the effects of the hurricane independent of other government departments. Before the occurrence of the hurricane in 2005, the goal of the NOFD was to ensure evacuation of people from disastrous areas and ensure safety of citizens and property. After the occurrence of the hurricane, the goal was to rescue the affected people and put off possible raging fires to protect property and lives. The two goals reflect the missions and purposes of the organization. The organization seeks to achieve these goals through i ts human resource and interventions of various response equipment. Although the evacuation exercise was successful, since accomplishing of the task took place before striking of the hurricane occurred, the hurricane-affected the recovery and rescue mission enormously. Destruction of the equipment of the NOFD occurred; hence, deterring the realization of the goal of rapid response. However, this does not mount to total failure on the department’s end. Considering the fact that most of the department’s personnel receive training in fire-related response and not much on medical emergencies, it is safe to say that the firefighters and volunteers did their best in adapting to existing circumstances. Evans and Drabek (2004) posit that managing disasters gives rise to formidable challenges to the government’s emergency and disaster management apparatus since they present a requirement for making difficult decisions on service delivery systems for the affected people (p .45). Therefore, the affected jurisdictions source aid from other jurisdictions not affected by the disaster. In the absence of a disaster, a given state cannot place diplomatic call for help should an emergency or a disaster occurs in the future. This assertion implies that the internal emergency and disaster management apparatus only have resources adequate for development of emergency and disaster preparedness strategies, but not for relief, rescue, and recovery. Drawing from the above arguments, the New Orleans disaster management systems could not have prevented Hurricane Katrina from striking the Gulf coast. Hurricane Katrina rendered the Gulf coast roads impassable and destroyed communication networks. The City of New Orleans Fire Department (2006) posits, â€Å"There were hundreds of hazardous material incidences such as overturned tanks cars and runaways barges and ships† (p.6). The entire city of New Orleans also went without power supply accompanied by various inci dences of gas leaks in the area where gas supply lines had not drained. This aspect caused several rages of fire across the city of New Orleans, thus prompting the need for fire management and response services of the NOFD to come for the safety of the city. As water levels continued to rise, the NOFD service personnel got into action to save lives in an environment lacking communication networks. The NOFD lost vital equipment including fire stations, communication equipment, and vehicles among other facilities required for ardent response. However, with the aid from firefighters based in Louisiana, Illinois, New York, and other places rebuilding of the NOFD was possible. In the process of rebuilding, the NOFD realized that it needed strategic plans for the recovery process. In the process of making effective strategic plans, an organization has to engage in planning to plan as the first stage of the planning process. During this step, the NOFD sought the help of the U.S. fire admin istration coupled with International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) to help in the development of a recovery plan from the events of Hurricane Katrina. The City of New Orleans Fire Department (2006) reckons, â€Å"The NOFD officers and staff aided by many fire services professionals from around the country have formulated a blueprint of recovery for the NOFD† (p.6). Through strategic plans, the NOFD believes that a clear blueprint for responding to disaster enhances aiding the organization to achieve its aim of protecting and rescuing people and property. In the pre-planning phase, the department addressed several interrogatives based on the model for strategic planning. These interrogatives included questions seeking to establish the current position of the organization, future anticipated position of the organization, and the mechanisms of ensuring that the NOFD would reach its anticipated position in the future. These departments identified areas of focus and made plans to addresses them through the mission, values, goals, and the visions of the NOFD. Significant similarities and differences between FDNY and NOFD The main similarity between the FDNY and the NOFD is that both departments share a central structure in their administration that increases efficiency in communication and prioritization of incidents to which they respond. Secondly, both departments serve a wide area and a larger population in comparison to the sizes of their personnel. Additionally, they base their strategic planning on government funding for their operations, their goals and objectives. For instance, preference of public modes of transportation formed an essential consideration when mapping out plans on how to evacuate areas that proved most vulnerable to the effects of the hurricanes. Both cities also have water bodies running through the inland area, an aspect that increased chances of flooding proportionately. The main difference between the two lies in the creativit y of their organizational models. While the NOFD chooses to base its model on fire emergencies, the New York model embraces creative diversity, choosing to incorporate medical emergencies as part of its areas of expertise. Another notable difference between the two departments in terms of strategic structuring for emergency responses is that the FDNY applies convergence, incorporating other government departments to increase the workforce available, especially in emergencies. In sharp contrast, the NOFD uses volunteer firefighters as an extension of their workforce, creating uncertainty on the exact number of respondents available at any time. Regarding responses from the two departments in relation to the respective hurricanes, New York had an advantage over New Orleans as it applied lessons from Katrina to enhance its preparedness for disasters. However, the NOFD learned valuable lessons from the disaster and has since made arrangements for better plans, including incorporation of community sensitization programs. Conclusion Although it is difficult to prepare adequately for any disaster owing to unpredictability, especially for natural disasters, it is possible to develop measures that make the recovery process easier and reduce damage to property while safeguarding lives. Assessment of business models, adequate training, diversity in areas of operation, creativity in organizational arrangement and adaptability to circumstances are some of the important elements the true hurricanes brought out as part of the essential components in disaster preparedness and response for both fire departments. Reference List Abbott, B. (2005). A legal guide to Homeland Security and Emergency Management for State and Local Governments. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association. City of New Orleans Fire Department. (2006). Strategic Recovery and Reconstitution Planning Process for the City of New Orleans Fire Department Decimated by Hurricane Katrina. Web. Evans, J., Drabek, E. ( 2004). Theories Relevant To Emergency Management versus a Theory of Emergency Management. Denver, CO: University of Denver. Goodstein, L., Nolan, T., Pfeiffer, W. (1993). Applied Strategic Planning, How to Develop a Plan that Really Works. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc. Hansen, R., Schramm, D. (1993). Aim Scope of Disaster Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Nicholson, W. (2003). Emergency Response and Emergency Management Law: Cases and Materials. Springfield, IL. Charles C. Thomas Ltd. Ryan, P. (2006, September 20). Mississippi burning: pollution hells as fires, explosions oil spills follow hurricane. The Daily Mirror, 23. Smith, F. (2006). Budgeting for disasters—part I: Overview of the problem. The Public  Manager, 35(1), 11-19. The New York Fire Department. (2013). About FDNY. Web. Varghese, M. (2002). Disaster Recovery. Boston, MA: Course Technology. This term paper on Strategic planning analysis: the New Orleans Fire Department and the New York City Fire Department was written and submitted by user Cain Bradford to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why was julius caesar murdered free essay sample

The first reason Julius Caesar was murdered was because some senators thought he wanted to become king. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was julius caesar murdered or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The evidence I have to support this point is that he acted like a king. He accepted gold and lots of other things only acceptable for a God. Another bit of evidence is on a parade some plebeians tied a white ribbon around his statue (a white ribbon is the sign of a king) But when the senators told them to take it off Caesar told them not too. So this would make the senators want to kill Caesar because the senators thought he had enough plebian support to become king. They were afraid that if he did become king (which was very likely) it would be the end of the republic and that would mean they would lose all their power. But on the other hand it says only some senators thought he wanted to become king. This means that not all of them thought this. Also it was never thought that Julius Caesar would do a thing as to destroy the Roman republic. The second reason Julius Caesar was murdered was that some senators were jealous of him. The evidence I have to support this is he became a consul several times and made dictator for life. He also was given honours fit for a god: a gold throne, statues beside those of the gods, a special priest and one of the months of the years was named after him: July. This would make the senators want to kill him because if he was being given lots of gifts and was being treated like a king he would start to become more powerful than them, the senators, who were supposedly the most powerful people in Rome. They did not want to lose their power and give it all to Caesar. But again it only said some senators were jealous of him so it wasn’t all of them that thought this point which means it isn’t 100% accurate. The third reason Julius Caesar was murdered was because the senators disliked him because he was arrogant and acted as though he was superior. The evidence I have to support this is that he refused to rise when the senators came in. They thought that he was disrespectful, vain and that he tried ‘ to make the senate feel like they were inferior to him’ So the reason Julius Caesar was murdered was because the senate did not want someone like him to rule the republic. They new that if he did come to power he would treat them  like dirt and again they did not want to lose that advantage they had over the plebeians by being powerful and rich. But on the other hand Caesar was very kind to the poor and they liked him a lot. Another reason Caesar was murdered was because the senate was worried he was on the side of the plebeians. The evidence I have to support this is that Caesar was very kind to the poor. He helped them by selling them land cheaply. He also supplied building work in Rome and made the taxes fairer. So the senators believed that he had enough plebeian support to become king. They were again afraid that this would destroy the republic. My last reason why Caesar was murdered was that the senators thought he was becoming too powerful. The evidence I have to support this is that he made a secret agreement with too very powerful men called Crassius and Pompey to rule Rome between them and destroy the republic. So this would mean that Caesar would become king and they would all lose their power. Lots of these points link such as Caesar was becoming too powerful and Caesar wanted to become king. These both led to the end of the republic. They link because they both mean that the senators would have lost their power and it would be the end of the republic. They also both lead to him becoming king. I think the most important reason Caesar was murdered was because Caesar was becoming too powerful. I think this was the most important reason because it is the strongest evidence for him wanting to be king. Leading to the end of the republic. I think the least important reason Caesar was murdered is that the senators were jealous of him. I think this was the least important because I could be jealous of somebody but that doesn’t mean I want to kill them. I don’t think it is a good enough reason to kill somebody. To conclude Julius Caesar was murdered because he wanted to become king and destroy the Roman republic. This was the main reason he got killed by the senators. Julius Caesar was a good man in many ways and many of his  intentions were good and I myself don’t think he deserved to be assassinated. Thank you for reading my essay on why Julius Caesar was murdered.

Gandhi

Gandhi The movie Gandhi starts off with the assassination of Gandhi in 1948. After he is shot, the movie immediately flashes back to Gandhi in the late 1800's. Gandhi began his work against the injustices of the British Empire when he was a young man in South Africa. He was a lawyer and he fought against ethnic discrimination for Indians. South Africa was controlled by the British at this time and Indian's were there working. Gandhi helps them to gain their independence through nonviolence and respect for others. Gandhi was thrown off a train, traveling across South Africa, because he had refused to give up his first class seat and move to the third class, where the British man wanted him to go. Shortly after, Gandhi organized his first protest in which he burned passes that Indians were required to carry at all times in South Africa. He then protested again with nonviolence against laws that singled out Indians as second class citizens that had few rights.Nehru and Gandhi at the opening of the Indian Nati...Justice and human rights was a strong theme in this portion of the movie. Gandhi saw the people were not treated fairly so he fought for justice. By burning the passes he fought out in a non violent manner, proving that people needed to be treated fairly. The British were taking advantage of the people in South Africa, and their peaceful protest gained their human rights. Even when the British were clubbing Gandhi, he still persisted in burning his pass, and this showed how he put his importance as a person under that of basic human rights.Gandhi was effective in South Africa, and his success caused him to return to India where he could work the independence of India. On the second day of the movie, Gandhi was let out of jail...

Equal Treatment of All Irrespective of Sex, Race or Ability Essay

Equal Treatment of All Irrespective of Sex, Race or Ability - Essay Example Judith Sargent Murray looks into detail the bodily superiority of men and the mental superiority of women. Murray vehemently asserts that the faculty of imagination has been unquestionably bestowed on women. This is exemplified by the power of the females so enormous at their readiness to act on their first thoughts. With the females imaginative faculties, they tend to reason on only what they know which is quite dangerous. The creative powers they possess make up stories which could be really destructive. However, she accepts that the judgment of the females not so strong due to the partialities of custom which are traced from the disparities of education background. The female is depressed, confined and domesticated while the male is exalted and encouraged to aspire being led through prosperous paths yet nature provides for equal minds. This disparity leaves a void to the unexploited abilities of the women folk while those that get the opportunity to pursue their dreams through boo ks are attached to style and indignity and are no happy since they are left to pursue men for sexual enjoyment. This inferiority still trails them and they cannot improve. She, however, asserts that since nature treats everyone equal and has seen both successful males and females have all got crowns and fame. With the females imaginative faculties, they tend to reason on only what they know which is quite dangerous. The creative powers they possess they make up stories which could be really destructive.

Advanced Financial Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced Financial Modelling - Essay Example For that reason, people, tend to base their decisions on certain perceived elements of gains rather than elements of perceived losses (Back, 2010, pg. 208). In essence, if a person is presented with two equal choices to make, he or she will express one choice in terms of the possible losses and the other choice in term of the possible gains. For that reason, the person will choose the choice with possible gains (Kaustia, 2010, pg. 25). An example can be used to demonstrate the prospect theory as it applies to financial decision making. Two different financial advisors present the same mutual fund to an investor. The first financial advisor tells the investor that the average return of the mutual fund is 7%. The second financial advisor mentions that the mutual fund has realized above average return for the past 15 years but the last 5 years have shown a decline. According to the prospect theory, the investor will choose a mutual fund from the first financial advisor. This is because it is not expressed in a combination of returns and losses as did the second financial advisor (Li and Yan, 2010, pg. 101). The prospect theory was proposed and developed in 1979 by two aristocrats, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman. The theory emerged as a psychologically description of the financial decision making process (Ma, 2011, pg. 428). The theory also makes a comparison to the expected utility theory. According to prospect theory, editing and evaluation are the two central stages that every financial decision making process must pass through. The outcomes of a decision are made and ordered during the editing stage. During this stage, people consider lesser outcomes as losses and greater outcomes as gains. The aim of this stage is to alleviate any possible framing effects (Barberis and Xiong, 2012, pg. 99). In addition, it helps in resolving the isolation effects that stem out from the propensity to isolate concurrent

Managing a Telecom Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing a Telecom Project - Term Paper Example The company requires updating the cloud systems, integrating billing operations to the existing financial systems and provision of training to the staff of the company in a way that the new services can be utilized successfully and proficiently (IBM, 2014). There are certain requirements of the company regarding the completion of the project i-e the project should be completed within six (6) months of its inception. Moreover, the project has to be managed by a team of seven (7) members. The document presents a project management methodology to be adopted in order to achieve the project objectives along with its selection rationale. The document further discusses utilization of the agile project management for project deliverables. The document contains a description of the human resources required to complete the project, along with their qualifications and experience. In order to identify the scope of the project, a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is developed in the document. The document provides details of the WBS in which each activity / task identified in the WBS for the project is assigned human resources, cost and time. Moreover, in order to monitor the progress of the project, the monitoring and controlling processes of the project management are utilized and the same is presented in the document. In order to deliver a defect free project, an appropriate quality plan is included in the document – a project management report of managing the new teleco m service based on the cloud technology. It is pertinent to specify that a project plan containing the Gantt chart is developed to support the theories presented in this document. Currently, there are two (2) major project management standards include: the Project in Controlled Environment (PRINCE2) and Project Management for Professionals (PMP), Project Management Institute (PMI). However, in

Analysis of Data Leakage Prevention Solution

Analysis of Data Leakage Prevention Solution Anuja Vasant Kale, Vishwajeet Bajpayee, Shyam P Dubey ABSTRACT: In any organization or institution we have to deal with lots of data. Those data may contain confidential information about the customer, project related data, employee personal data etc. If such type of confidential data is leaked from the organization then it may affect on the organization health. Hence we have to enforce some policies in order to prevent data leakage. Data leakage is a loss of data which can be occurred on any storage device where the data is stored. There are two ways in which data can be leaked; if the system is hacked or if the internal resources intentionally or unintentionally make the data public. If the system is hacked then we have some existing technologies like antivirus, firewall etc which can prevent data from leakage. We will discuss here the second scenario where we provide data leakage prevention solutions. We make the use of a bayesian theorem for maintaining confidentiality of data in an organization. KEYWORDS: sensitive data, data leakage, internal attack, external attack, data leakage prevention, bayesian approach. Introduction Nowadays, Information Security became a vital and a major subject, especially with the spreading of information sharing among private and public networks for all organizations across different industrial sectors (e.g. telecom, banking, education all over the world). The importance of securing information is playing a significant role especially when sharing, distributing, accessing and publishing any information that had been classified as a sensitive, either for the organization itself or the clients who sharing their private information with the organization, such as information stored, shared, distributed and viewed through the electronic documents systems and/or images of paper documents systems widely used by a lot of organizations. Many of organizations have given a great deal of attention has been given to protecting their sensitive data from the outside threats by using a set of security countermeasures like: intrusion prevention systems, firewalls, and management of the vulnerability points inside them. So, organizations must now turn their attention to an equally critical situation that forms -for them- a great challenge today, that is: the problem of data leaking or loss from the inside. In fact, in many organizations there’s a gaping hole in controlling, monitoring, and protecting its business environment and electronic data assets from leaking or loss to the wrong individuals or groups intentionally or accidentally. This hole is the now ubiquitous in businesses, health, education organizations and individuals who need needed to communicate with each other over the Internet network. In our days, many of the electronic communications heavily used inside any organization for many purposes, for instance: local mail, instant messaging, web mail, data files transferring, and also organization website still go largely to different destinations without any limitations, monitoring, and controlling on its movements from the organization. Thus, the expected result for this issue is there is a big potential for the organization confidential information be falling into the wrong hands. Surely, from this significant point, the organization sensitive data should be protected very well, otherwise will be facing tragic results like: business loss, damaged reputation, bad publicity, loss of strategic customers, and loss of competitiveness with the other organizations. As a result, any organization using similar electronic document system must keep a close eye to secure sensitive data that had gone forth/back through this system or application to maintain reputation and business continuous, and ensure regulations, laws compliance, along with being different from others. One of the recent methodologies and technical solution has been raised to top is the Data Leakage Prevention (DLP) solution, which is basically protecting sensitive data of an organization from being viewed by wrong individuals, whether from outside or even inside the organization. This basically means that specific data can be viewed by only a specific set of an authorized individuals or groups for them. Related work As organizations progress into a more technological environment, the amount of digitally stored data increases dramatically. As a consequence, keeping track of where it is stored is no longer as easy as before. The modern workforce naturally creates and uses data sensitive to the organization to do their job. This data is then used across services such as email, business applications and cloud-services, as well as being accessed from multiple devices, including laptops and mobile phones. In many cases it is even hard for the users to manage the amount of data they deal with themselves, and the (ir) responsibility doesn’t end there. In addition, a user also needs to keep track of how sensitive data is and who should be allowed to access it. DLP is a recent type of security technology that works toward securing sensitive data in an automated and non-intrusive fashion. Through policies a DLP system automatically makes sure no sensitive data is stored, sent or accessed where it shouldn’t be, while still allowing users to use the tools and services they choose and need to fulfil their tasks. Unlike traditional white- and blacklisting, the DLP only blocks the actions where sensitive data is involved, e.g. sending e-mails is perfectly acceptable, but not if they contain sensitive data. DLP can also be set to handle different levels of sensitivity and document access control. To quote George Lawton: â€Å"DLP systems keep people from deliberately or inadvertently sending out sensitive material without authorization† [9]. In addition to protecting sensitive data, a modern DLP should be adaptive, mobile and as minimally intrusive as possible [7]. Adaptive means that it can work in different environments and be configured to meet the needs of a wide range of different businesses. Mobile means that it can still protect the data, even when the device is used outside the company network. The products today only fulfil this to a certain degree. DLP is still maturing, but unlike a few years ago, most vendors have standardized on the core functionality that defines a modern DLP solution. Proposed System In Today’s business world, many organizations use Information Systems to manage their sensitive and business critical information. The need to protect such a key component of the organization cannot be over emphasized. Data Loss/Leakage Prevention has been found to be one of the effective ways of preventing Data Loss. DLP solutions detect and prevent unauthorized attempts to copy or send sensitive data, both intentionally or/and unintentionally, without authorization, by people who are authorized to access the sensitive information.DLP is designed to detect potential data breach incidents in timely manner and this happens by monitoring data. Data Loss Prevention is found to be the data leakage/loss control mechanism that fits naturally with the organizational structure of businesses. It not only helps the organization protect structured data but it also helps protection and leakage prevention of unstructured data. In any organization or institution we have to maintain lots of sensitive data or confidential data. These data may contain the confidential information regarding the projects; customer privileged data or employee personal data; if such type of confidential data is leaked from the organization then it may affect on the organization health. Data leakage is a loss of data that occur on any device that stores data. It is a problem for anyone that uses a computer. Data loss happens when data may be physically or logically removed from the organization either intentionally or unintentionally. A data stored on any storage device can be leaked in two ways; if the system is hacked or if the internal resources intentionally or unintentionally make the data public. Hacking can be prevented by carefully configuring your Firewalls and other security devices. We will be discussing the second scenario i.e. if an internal resource makes the sensitive data public. Consider the possibility of an employee leaking the sensitive data. Now there are various ways in which data can leave the organization via internet, Email, webmail, FTP etc. Consider the possibility that an employee needs to forward the confidential data through Email or and uploading those files on to a server which can be accessed by outside world. Before reaching that confidential data to the unauthorized person we need to enforce some policies in order to avoid the violation of the organization health. To achieve the primary requirement is to scan the whole outbound traffic. We will maintain the DLP (data link prevention) server, which would scan the complete attachment to match the patterns. In case the patter matches, the attachment will be corrupted with the User designed message and an automated response E-mail will be sent out. This mechanism is shown in the figure below. Figure 3: The process of Data Leakage Prevention (DLP) mechanism. As shown in the above figure, there is an internal employee of the organization who is trying to send the confidential data via email. Now, before reaching that confidential data to the unauthorized person we need to enforce some policies. For that we are using the Data Leakage Prevention (DLP) Server. 3.1 Data Leakage Prevention (DLP) Server Data Leakage Prevention (DLP) is a computer security term which is used to identify, monitor, and protect data in use, data in motion, and data at rest [1]. DLP is used to identify sensitive content by using deep content analysis to per inside files and with the use if network communications. DLP is mainly designed to protect information assets in minimal interference in business processes. It also enforces protective controls to prevent unwanted incidents. DLP can also be used to reduce risk, and to improve data management practices and even lower compliance cost. DLP solution prevents confidential data loss by monitoring communications which goes outside of the organization, encrypting emails which contain confidential information. We are enabling conformity with global privacy and data security in securing outsourcing and partner communication. To check whether an email contains confidential data or not, DLP server makes the use of a Naive Bayes spam filtering. 3.2 Naive Bayes Algorithm Naà ¯ve Bayesian method is used for the learning process. Analyze a mail to calculate its probability of being a Spam using individual characteristic of words in the mail. For each word in the mail, calculate the following: S (w) = (number of Spam emails containing the word)/(total number of Spam emails) H (w) = (number of Ham emails containing the word)/(total number of Ham emails) P (w) = S(w)/(S(w)+H(w)) P (w) can be interpreted as the probability that a randomly chosen email containing the word w is Spam. Exceptions Say a word w =â€Å"success† appears only once and it is a Spam email. Then the above formula calculates P (w)=1. This doesn’t mean that all future mails containing this word will be considered as Spam. It will rather depend upon its degree of belief. The Bayesian method allows us to combine our intuitive background information with this collected data. Degree of belief f(w)= [(s*x)+(n*p(w))]/(s + n) s=Assumed strength of the background information. x= Assumed probability of the background information. n= no of emails received containing word w. Combining the probabilities Each email is represented by a set of probabilities. Combining these individual probabilities gives the overall indicator of spamminess. Fisher’s Method: H= Chi_inverse (-2*ln(Product of all(f(w)), 2*n) S= Chi_inverse (-2*ln(Product of all(1-f(w)), 2*n) I= [1+H-S]/2 Here, I is the Indicator of Spamminess. A Genetic Algorithm A mail can be divided into three parts: Body From Subject Genetic Algorithm can be used to get an appropriate weight say ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ³ for â€Å"body† part, â€Å"from† part and â€Å"subject† part. IFinal= ÃŽ ±*IBody+ ÃŽ ²*IFrom+ ÃŽ ³*ISubject The overall accuracy is a function of ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ³. Genetic Algorithm maximize the above function. Advantages of Bayesian Method Bayesian approach is self adapting. It keeps learning from the new spams. Bayesian method takes whole message into account. Bayesian method is easy to use and very accurate (Claimed Accuracy Percentage is 97). Bayesian approach is multi-lingual. Reduces the number of false positives. Conclusion Sensitive Data leaking prevention became one of the most pressing security issues facing Organizations today. The most effective solution to the problem is to see Data Leakage Prevention solution (DLP) as a part of your overall security problem. This solution can be fully integrated with other security tools within organization, to form a comprehensive security strategy plan to protect these data properly. Data Leakage Prevention (DLP) solution can be used effectively in reducing intentional sensitive data leakage actions, through monitoring user’s actions and protecting three groups of organizations data: data at rest, data in use, and data in motion. This solution can be regarded as â€Å"integrated† through achieving two main phases [two layers of defence]: protecting sensitive data and securing sensitive data of organization alike. The organization also needs to create an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) for users, and at the same time ensuring both are compliant with or ganization policies. To avoid getting broad sided by a data leakage, organizations must evaluate their vulnerabilities and respond appropriately by many ways like: Endpoints protection, Gateway protection, and encryption data. References. [1]RichardE.Mackey,Available:http://viewer.media.bitpipe.com/1240246133_118/1258558418_168/sCompliance_sSecurity_Data- Protection_final.pdf [2] Bradley R. Hunter, Available: http://www.ironport.com/pdf/ironport_dlp_booklet.pdf [3]Webspy,Available:http://www.webspy.com/resources/whitepapers/2008 WebSpy Ltd Information Security and Data Loss Prevention.pdf [4] Data loss problems, Available: http://www.webspy.com/reso urces/whitepapers/2009WebSpy Ltd-Information Security and Data Loss Prevention.pdf [5] Report, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, Available: http://www.ustr.gov/about -us/press- office/reports-and-publications/archive [6] Lubich, H.P; â€Å"The changing roel of IT security in an Internet world, a business perspective†; Available: http://www.terena.nl/conference/archieve/tnc2000/proceedings/2A/2a2.html [7]Sithirasenan, E.;Muthukkumarasamy, V., â€Å"Word N-Gram Based Classification for Data Leakage Prevention†, Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), 2013 12th IEEE International Conference on 16-18 July 2013, 578 – 585, Melbourne, VIC, 13971211, 10.1109/TrustCom.2013.71. [8]Pham, D.V. Threat analysis of portable hack tools from USB storage devices and protection solutions, IEEE ISBN: 978-1-4244-8001-2 [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software [10]http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/data-loss-prevention/index .html [11] Bai Xiaoping; Wei Yuanfeng; , Study on the signal detection and simulation of universal serial bus 2.0 IP core circuit system, SoutheastCon, 2007. Proceedings. IEEE , vol., no., pp.59-62, 22-25 March 2007 [12] S. Jithesh and U. Naveen, Improved key management methodology for enhanced media security in IMS networks, New York, US: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2007, pp. 903-907. [13] AK. Gupta, U. Chandrashekhar, S.V. Sabnis and F.A, Building secure products and solutions, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Hoboken, US: John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2007.3, pp. 21-38 [14] R.A. Shaikh, S. Rajput, S.M.H. Zaidi and K. Sharif, Comparative analysis and design philosophy of next generation unified enterprise application security, Piscataway, US: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society, 2005, pp. 517-524. [15] Data Leakage Prevention A newsletter for IT Professionals Issue 5. [16] Data Leakage Detection SandipA.Kale1, Prof. S.V.Kulkarni2 Department Of CSE, MIT College of Engg, Aurangabad, Dr.B.A.M.University, Aurangabad (M.S), India1, [17] Journal Of Information, Knowledge And Research In Computer Engineering Issn: 0975 – 6760| Nov 12 To Oct 13 | Volume – 02, Issue – 02| Page 534 Data Leakage Detection Nikhil Chaware 1,Prachi Bapat 2, Rituja Kad 3, Archana Jadhav 4, Prof.S.M.Sangve Copyright to IJIRCCE www.ijircce.com 1

Automotive industry Essay

Maruti Suzuki India Limited generally famous as Maruti is an ancillary company of the Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation. It has a market share of 44.9% of the Indian passenger car market as of March 2011. Maruti 800 and Alto are their entry level cars. Ritz, A-Star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estilo are their hatch back models. DZire & SX4 are Maruti’s Sedan class models. Eeco and Ertiga are Maruti’s C segment class. Grand Vitara is their Sports Utility Vehicle which is directly imported from Japan. Maruti is the 1st company in India to turn out and sell more than a million cars. Maruti Udyog Limited is renamed as Maruti Suzuki India Ltd on 17th September 2007. Maruti companies head quarter is in Nelson Mandela Road, New  Delhi. The company was customary in 1989; however the actual production commenced in 1983 with their Maruti 800. Till 2004 Maruti 800 was the India’s largest selling packed in car ever, since it was launched in 1983. More than a million units of this car have been sold worldwide so far. Maruti imports diesel engines for all their diesel cars from Fiat motors. Maruti’s manufacturing plants are located at two amenities Gurgoan and Manesar south of Delhi. Gurgoan plants installed capacity is of 9, 00,000 units per annum and Manesar plant with a capacity of 5, 00,000 units per year and a diesel plant with an annual capacity of 1, 00,000 engines and transmissions. Maruti has 933 dealerships crossways 666 towns and cities in all states and union territories of India with 2,946 service stations (inclusive of dealer workshops and Maruti Authorised Service Stations) in 1,395 towns and cities all over India. It has 30 Express Service Stations on 30 National Highways across 1,314 cities in India. Service is a major source of proceeds to the company. Most of the service stations help many stranded vehicles on the highways by sending across their repair man to the vehicle. 1.2 Definition Of Marketing According to American Marketing Association (AMA) Board of Directors, Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value of customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Dr. Philip Kotler defines, marketing as â€Å"the science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Marketing identifies unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines measures and quantifies the size of the identified market and the profit potential. It pinpoints which segments the company is capable of serving best and it designs and promotes the appropriate products and services†. 1.3 Customer Perceived Value Customer Perceived Value (CPV) is the distinction between the prospective customer’s evaluation of all the benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives. 1.3.1 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti Suzuki with reference to Holbrook Model Typology of Customer Value Holbrook (1994 p. 27) asserted â€Å"Value is an interactive relativistic preference experience†. Based on this Holbrook proposed a typology of consumer value having three different dimensions: Extrinsic/Intrinsic: The consumer perceives value in using or owning a product or services as a means to and end versus an end in itself. Self-oriented/Other-oriented: The consumer perceives value for the consumer’s own benefit as against the benefit of others. Active/Reactive: The customer perceives value through direct use of an object as against apprehending, appreciating or responding to an object. These three dimensions give rise to eight types of customer value Extrinsic Intrinsic Self-oriented Active Efficiency Play Reactive Excellence Aesthetics Other-oriented Active Status Ethics Reactive Esteem Spirituality Thus for a company like Maruti it would be very apt to use this model considering that the products that Maruti Suzuki has to offer fits in quite easily in different dimensions as presented in the typology. 1.3.2 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti Suzuki with reference to Monroe Model Monroe (1990, p. 46) observes, â€Å"Buyers perceptions of value represent a trade-off between the quality or benefits they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceived by paying the price† Monroe has expressed the concept of customer perceived value as the ratio between perceived benefits and perceived sacrifice: Customer Perceived Value= Perceived Benefits ________________ Perceived Sacrifice According to Monroe perceived benefits has a positive influence on consumers’ perception of product value at first, and later on it may influence consumers’ purchase intentions. In contrast, perceived sacrifice first has a negative influence on consumers’ perception of product value, and later on it may influence consumers’ purchase intentions. Perceived Benefits Here the benefits include customers’ desired value, e.g., quality (Monroe, 1990). Sacrifices, on the other hand, include monetary (price) (Dodds, et al., 1991) and non-monetary (time, effort) (Cronin, et al., 2000) considerations. Therefore, value includes three key factors: (1) quality, (2) price, and (3) convenience (Lemon, et al., 2001), where convenience is the time and effort expended by the customers (Cronin, et al., 2000) In context to Maruti, the customer’s desired value is the quality of the car and services rendered there off. Whereas the sacrifices include the price of the car, maintenance cost, etc. 1.3.3 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti with reference to Woodruff’s Model A Value-Hierarchy Model Woodruff (1997) proposed that â€Å"Customer value is a customer’s perceived preference for and evaluation of those product attributes, attribute performances and consequences arising from use that facilities achieving the customer goals and purposes in use situations.† (p146) Accordingly the customer value hierarchy suggests that customers conceive of desired value in a means-end way. Basically it can be known as a system to run businesses throughout the country by understanding customer’s goal and satisfaction over it (Lister, n.d.) Desired Customer Customer Satisfaction Value with Received Value Customer’s Goals and Purposes Desired Consequences in Use Situations Desired Product Attributes and Attribute Preferences Starting at the bottom of the hierarchy, customers start to think about products as bundles of specific attributes and attribute performances. While purchasing and using a product they form desire or preferences for a certain attribute based on their ability to facilitate achieving desired consequence experiences. Looking down the hierarchy from the top, customers use goals and preferences to attach importance to consequences. Also the customer’s use situation plays a critical role in evaluation as well as in desires. Maruti Suzuki, being an automobile manufacturing company faces a lot of competition. Thus such a model would be very essential for their company. 1.3.4 Consumer perceived value of Maruti with reference to Zeithaml Model Means-End Model An adaptation of a model first proposed by Dodds and Monroe (1985), Zeithaml with her study in 1988 about price, quality and value towards consumers defined this into the concept of Means-End model. (Source: Means-End Model, Zeithaml, 1988) 2. Value Proposition Definition of ‘Value Proposition’ A business or marketing speech that summarizes why a customer should buy an item for consumption or use a service. This statement should prove a potential buyer that one meticulous product or service will add more value or better solve a problem than other like offerings. Companies use this statement to target customers who will benefit most from using the company’s products, and this helps maintain an economic moat. The ideal value proposition is concise and appeals to the customer’s strongest decision-making drivers. Companies pay a high price when customers lose slight of the company’s value proposition. 2.1 Value Proposition of Maruti Suzuki ‘Way of Life’ is the Value Proposition of Maruti Suzuki. As India is a country where comfort is vital while travelling, Maruti has always been the first option. As mileage is a big criterion with cars for Indians, Suzuki proves to be better than quite a few other names in cars as its vehicles have a higher mileage; for example Swift gives 22km/ltr while if you compare a Honda City gives around 12-13 km/litre. 2.2 Mission & Vision of Maruti Suzuki The Company Mission To make available a wide range of modern, high quality fuel efficient vehicles in order to meet the need of different customers, both in domestic and export markets. The Company Vision We must be an internationally competitive company in terms of our products and services. We must retain our leadership in India and should also aspire to be among the global players. Their focus is on: Building a continuously improving organization adaptable to quick changes Providing value and satisfaction to the customer Aligning and fully involving all our employees, suppliers and dealers to face competition Maximising Shareholder’s value 2.3 Target Market Definition of target market: A specific group of consumers at which a company aims its products and services. Maruti Suzuki has adopted a focused approach and wisely created segments within a large market to promote their cars. Lower Income Group- Maruti 800, Alto  Middle Income Group- Wagon-R, Swift, Swift DZire, Ritz High Income Group- Maruti Suzuki Kizashi, Suzuki Grand Vitara Suzuki Grand Vitara would obviously have no takers amongst the lower income group. 2.4 Market Attractiveness Market attractiveness is a term that describes the profit possibilities available in a given market or industry. The more attractive a market is, the higher the potential profits. Companies in the process of considering entires into new industries or markets conduct a number of analyses to determine whether or not such a move would be good for the business. One such analysis is a market attractiveness analysis, conducted to find out if entering a particular market or industry would be profitable and how much the company could potentially earn. The automobile industry is a huge and diversified market. It can be divided into different segments each satisfying different needs of the customers. These different segments can be classified as: SUV’s, Sedans, Hatchbacks, C segments etc. This gives an automobile company ample amount of opportunities. Maruti Suzuki  is prevalent in all of these segments and is considered as one of the premium brands in all of these segments. In this very market other than the different segments of automobiles also is the service rendered by the company to the customers. Thus the market is as attractive as one would hope for giving Maruti Suzuki a chance to make the most of it.